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APSA to Harvard converter

Paste APSA references, get Harvard. Free, no sign-up.

Paste references written in APSA and get them back in Harvard, ready to copy into Word or Google Docs. The main changes: your “References” list becomes “Reference list”, titles switch to sentence case and author names are written as in Harvard (surname and initials, joined with “and”). CiteSwap looks each reference up in the open Crossref catalogue, so authors, years and page numbers come from the publisher’s record rather than being rewritten by hand.

APSA vs Harvard: the same sources side by side

Each example below was formatted by CiteSwap’s engine, exactly as the converter outputs it.

Journal article

APSA

Suri, Tavneet, and William Jack. 2016. “The Long-Run Poverty and Gender Impacts of Mobile Money.” Science 354(6317): 1288–92. doi:10.1126/science.aah5309.

In-text: (Suri and Jack 2016, 1290)

Harvard

Suri, T. and Jack, W. (2016) ‘The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money’, Science, 354(6317), pp. 1288–1292. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309.

In-text: (Suri and Jack, 2016, p. 1290)

Book

APSA

Achebe, Chinua. 1958. Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann.

In-text: (Achebe 1958, 1290)

Harvard

Achebe, C. (1958) Things fall apart. London: Heinemann.

In-text: (Achebe, 1958, p. 1290)

Web page

APSA

World Health Organization. 2023. “Malaria.” https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria (October 1, 2026).

In-text: (World Health Organization 2023, 1290)

Harvard

World Health Organization (2023) Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria (Accessed: 1 October 2026).

In-text: (World Health Organization, 2023, p. 1290)

Key differences between APSA and Harvard

11 of 12 rules differ; they are listed first.

RuleAPSAHarvard
Reference list headingReferencesReference list
In-text citationsauthor and year, with a page number after a comma, e.g. (Suri and Jack 2016, 1290)author and year in parentheses, e.g. (Suri and Jack, 2016)
Author namesFirst author inverted with full names, the rest in normal orderSurname and initials, joined with “and”, e.g. Suri, T. and Jack, W.
Many authorsLong author lists are shortened following Chicago’s rulesFour or more authors: first author followed by “et al.”
DateAfter the authors, followed by a full stop: 2016.Straight after the authors, in parentheses, with no full stop: (2016)
Title capitalisationTitle caseSentence case
Article titlesIn quotation marks, title caseIn single quotation marks, sentence case
ItalicsJournal and book titlesJournal names and book titles
Journal namesFull journal name, volume and issue: 354(6317)Full journal name in title case
Page rangesShortened range after a colon and space, e.g. 354(6317): 1288–92Full page range with “pp.”, e.g. pp. 1288–1292
DOIs and linksDOI written as “doi:10.1126/…”“Available at:” before the DOI or URL, and “(Accessed: date)” for web pages
List order(same)Alphabetical by first author’s surnameAlphabetical by first author’s surname

When to use Harvard

Harvard is the most common referencing style at universities in the UK, Australia, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa and Kenya. Cite Them Right is the version most of those universities follow. It is published by Cite Them Right (Bloomsbury); CiteSwap follows the Cite Them Right 12th edition.

APSA is more common in political science, international relations, public policy, while Harvard is usual in business, economics, the social sciences. If your department or journal names a style, always follow it.

APSA to Harvard: frequently asked questions

How do I convert APSA citations to Harvard?

Paste your APSA reference list into the box above (one reference per line, numbered, or separated by blank lines), check that “From” says APSA or Auto-detect and “To” says Harvard, then press Convert. You can also paste DOIs, BibTeX or RIS. Copy the result or download it for Word.

How do in-text citations change from APSA to Harvard?

APSA uses author and year, with a page number after a comma, e.g. (Suri and Jack 2016, 1290). Harvard uses author and year in parentheses, e.g. (Suri and Jack, 2016). For the same article and page: APSA gives (Suri and Jack 2016, 1290), Harvard gives (Suri and Jack, 2016, p. 1290).

What is the reference list called in Harvard?

In APSA the list is headed “References”; in Harvard it is “Reference list”. Change the heading when you paste the converted list into your document.

Do titles need different capitalisation in Harvard?

Yes. Harvard uses sentence case, capitalising only the first word, the first word after a colon and proper nouns. CiteSwap keeps titles as the publisher’s record has them, so check that capitals on ordinary words are lowered, because catalogues often store titles in title case.

How are author names written in Harvard?

Harvard: Surname and initials, joined with “and”, e.g. Suri, T. and Jack, W. APSA: First author inverted with full names, the rest in normal order. When a reference is matched in Crossref, CiteSwap uses full first names from the publisher’s record, so it can produce either form.

Is the APSA to Harvard converter accurate?

Each reference is matched against the Crossref catalogue (over 150 million records) and only accepted automatically when the title, year and first author agree. Anything uncertain is marked “Needs review” so you can pick the right match, and references that aren’t in the catalogue, like websites or local journals, are parsed from your text and marked so you can check them.